Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
| Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales | |
|---|---|
| Diagnostics | |
| ICD-9-CM | 94.01 |
| MeSH | D013195 |
The development of the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales initiated the modern field of intelligence testing and was one of the first examples of an adaptive test. The test originated in France, then was revised in the United States. The Stanford–Binet test started with the French psychologist Alfred Binet, whom the French government commissioned with developing a method of identifying intellectually deficient children for their placement in special-education programs. As Binet indicated, case studies might be more detailed and helpful, but the time required to test many people would be excessive. In 1916, at Stanford University, the psychologist Lewis Terman released a revised examination which became known as the "Stanford–Binet test".
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Development
Later, Alfred Binet and physician Theodore Simon collaborated in studying mental retardation in French school children. Theodore Simon was a student of Binet's.[1] Between 1905 and 1908, their research at a boys school, in Grange-aux-Belles, led to their developing the Binet–Simon tests; assessing attention, memory, and verbal skill. The test consisted of 30 items ranging from the ability to touch one's nose or ear, when asked, to the ability to draw designs from memory and to define abstract concepts,[1] and varying in difficulty. Binet proposed that a child's intellectual ability increases with age.
In June 1905, their test was published as the Binet-Simon Intelligence Test in L'Anée Psychologique. In this essay, they described three methods that should be employed to study "inferior states of intelligence." These methods include the medical method (anatomical, physiological, and pathological signs of inferior intelligence), the pedagogical method (judging intelligence based on a sum of acquired knowledge), and the psychological method (making direct observations and measurements of intelligence). They claimed that the psychological method is the most direct method because it measures intelligence as it is in the present moment by assessing his/her capacity to judge, comprehend, reason, and invent.[2]
The original tests in the 1905 form include: 1. "Le Regard" 2. Prehension Provoked by a Tactile Stimulus 3. Prehension Provoked by a Visual Perception 4. Recognition of Food 5. Quest of Food Complicated by a Slight Mechanical Difficulty 6. Execution of Simple Commands and Imitation of Simple Gestures 7. Verbal Knowledge of Objects 8. Verbal Knowledge of Pictures 9. Naming of Designated Objects 10. Immediate Comparison of Two Lines of Unequal Lengths 11. Repetition of Three Figures 12. Comparison of Two Weights 13. Suggestibility 14. Verbal Definition of Known Objects 15. Repetition of Sentences of Fifteen Words 16. Comparison of Known Objects from Memory 17. Exercise of Memory on Pictures 18. Drawing a Design from Memory 19. Immediate Repetition of Figures 20. Resemblances of Several Known Objects Given from Memory 21. Comparison of Lengths 22. Five Weights to be Placed in Order 23. Gap in Weights 24. Exercise upon Rhymes 25. Verbal Gaps to be Filled 26. Synthesis of Three Words in One Sentence 27. Reply to an Abstract Question 28. Reversal of the Hands of a Clock 29. Paper Cutting 30. Definitions of Abstract Terms
New forms of the test were published in 1908 and again in 1911, after extensive research using "normal" examinees in addition to examinees that were considered to be mentally retarded. In 1912, William Stern created the concept of mental age (MA): an individual's level of mental development relative to others.[1] Binet placed a confidence interval around the scores returned from his tests, both because he thought intelligence was somewhat plastic, and because of inherent margin of error in psychometric tests.[3]
In 1916, the Stanford psychologist Lewis Terman released the "Stanford Revision of the Binet–Simon Scale", the "Stanford–Binet", for short. He wrote The Measurement of Intelligence: An Explanation of and a Complete Guide for the Use of the Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale, which provided English translations for the French items as well as new items. Despite other available translations, Terman is noted for his normative studies and methodological approach. With one of his graduate students at Stanford University, Maud Merrill, Terman created two parallel forms of the Stanford-Binet: Form L (for Lewis) and Form M (for Maud). Then, in the 1950s, Merrill revised the Stanford-Binet and created a new version that included what he considered to be the best test items from Forms L and M. This version was published in 1960 and renormed in 1973.
Soon, the test was so popular that Robert Yerkes, the president of the American Psychological Association, decided to use it in developing the Army Alpha and the Army Beta tests to classify recruits. Thus, a high-scoring recruit might earn an A-grade (high officer material), whereas a low-scoring recruit with an E-grade would be rejected for military service.[3]
The fourth edition of the test, which was published in 1986, converted from Binet's age-scale format to a point-scale format. The age-scale format, which was originally designed to provide a translation of the child's performance to mental age, was arguably inappropriate for more current generations of test-takers. The point scale arranged the tests into subtests, where all items of a type were administered together. The Fifth Edition includes the age-scale format to provide a variety of items at each level and to keep examinees interested.
Timeline
- April 1905: Development of Binet-Simon Test announced at a conference in Rome
- June 1905: Binet-Simon Intelligence Test introduced
- 1908 and 1911: New Versions of Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
- 1916: Stanford-Binet First Edition by Terman
- 1937: Second Edition by Terman and Merrill
- 1973: Third Edition by Merrill
- 1986: Fourth Edition by Thorndike, Hagen, and Sattler
- 2003: Fifth Edition by Roid
Scale
Binet's intelligence scale was divided into categories based on IQ score. The original names, which included "moron," "imbecile," and "idiot," among others, are no longer used. These categories were later replaced with words that were more descriptive of a scale of intellectual deficiency, marked from mild to profound deficiency.[4]
| Binet Scale of Human Intelligence | ||
|---|---|---|
| IQ Score | Original Name | Modern Term |
| Over 140 | Genius or Near-Genius | |
| 120 - 139 | Very Superior | |
| 110 - 119 | Superior | |
| 90 - 109 | Average or Normal | |
| 80 - 89 | Dull | Dull Normal |
| 70 - 79 | Borderline Deficiency | Mild |
| 50 - 69 | Moron | Moderate |
| 20 - 49 | Imbecile | Severe |
| Below 20 | Idiot | Profound |
Calculating Stanford-Binet IQ
Present use
Since the inception of the Stanford–Binet, it has been revised several times. Currently, the test is in its fifth edition, which is called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, or SB5. According to the publisher's website, "The SB5 was normed on a stratified random sample of 4,800 individuals that matches the 2000 U.S. Census." By administering the Stanford–Binet test to large numbers of individuals selected at random from different parts of the United States, it has been found that the scores approximate a normal distribution. The revised edition of the Stanford- Binet overtime has devised substantial changes in the way the tests are presented. The test has improved when looking at the introduction of a more parallel form and more demonstrative standards. For one, a non-verbal IQ component is included in the present day tests whereas in the past, there was only a verbal component. In fact, it now has equal balance of verbal and non-verbal content in the tests. It is also more animated than the other tests, providing the test-takers with more colourful artwork, toys and manipulatives. This allows the test to have a higher range in the age of the test takers.[5]
Current uses for the test include clinical and neuropsychological assessment, educational placement, compensation evaluations, career assessment, adult neuropsychological treatment, forensics, and research on aptitude.[6]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Santrock, John W. (2008) "A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development", (4th Ed.) Concept of Intelligence (283–284), New York: McGraw–Hill.
- ^ Binet, Alfred. (1905) L'Annee Psychologique, 12,191-244.
- ^ a b Fancher, Raymond E. (1985) "The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy", New York (NY): W. W. Norton.
- ^ "IQ comparison chart". IQ Comparison Site. http://www.iqcomparisonsite.com/IQBasics.aspx.
- ^ "Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition Assessment Service Bulletin Number 1"
- ^ Riverside Publishing. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, SB5, Fifth Edition. Accessed on December 2, 2011. http://www.riversidepublishing.com/products/sb5/details.html
Further reading
- Becker, K.A (2003). "History of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scales: Content and psychometrics.". Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition Assessment Service Bulletin No. 1.
- Binet, Alfred; Simon, Th. (1916). The development of intelligence in children: The Binet–Simon Scale. Publications of the Training School at Vineland New Jersey Department of Research No. 11. E. S. Kite (Trans.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. http://books.google.com/books?id=jEQSAAAAYAAJ&dq=The%20development%20of%20intelligence%20in%20children%20Binet&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- Brown, A. L.; French, L. A. (1979). "The Zone of Potential Development: Implications for Intelligence Testing in the Year 2000". Intelligence 3 (3): 255–273.
- Fancher, Raymond E. (1985). The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy. New York (NY): W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393955255.
- Freides, D. (1972). "Review of Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale, Third Revision". In Oscar Buros. Seventh Mental Measurements Yearbook. Highland Park (NJ): Gryphon Press. pp. 772–773.
- Gould, Stephen Jay (1981). The Mismeasure of Man. New York (NY): W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393314250. Lay summary (10 July 2010).
- McNemar, Quinn (1942). The revision of the Stanford–Binet Scale. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- Pinneau, Samuel R. (1961). Changes in Intelligence Quotient Infancy to Maturity: New Insights from the Berkeley Growth Study with Implications for the Stanford–Binet Scales and Applications to Professional Practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- Terman, Lewis Madison; Merrill, Maude A. (1937). Measuring intelligence: A guide to the administration of the new revised Stanford–Binet tests of intelligence. Riverside textbooks in education. Boston (MA): Houghton Mifflin.
- Terman, Lewis Madison; Merrill, Maude A. (1960). Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale: Manual for the Third Revision Form L–M with Revised IQ Tables by Samuel R. Pinneau. Boston (MA): Houghton Mifflin.
- Richardson, Nancy (1992). "Stanford–Binet IV, of Course!: Time Marches On! (originally published as Which Stanford–Binet for the Brightest?)". Roeper Review 15 (1): 32–34. http://www.davidsongifted.org/db/Articles_id_10128.aspx.
- Waddell, Deborah D. (1980). "The Stanford–Binet: An Evaluation of the Technical Data Available since the 1972 Restandardization". Journal of School Psychology 18 (3): 203–209. doi:10.1016/0022-4405(80)90060-6. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ233903&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ233903. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
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